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"Scientists have learned that the lunar impact crater Bullialdus has significantly more hydroxyl - a molecule consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom - compared to its surroundings. Pictured is the central peak of Bullialdus rising above the crater floor with the crater wall in the background. Image Credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University"
NASA-funded lunar research has yielded evidence of water locked in mineral grains on the surface of the moon from an unknown source deep beneath the surface.
Using data from NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument aboard the Indian Space Research Organization's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, scientists remotely detected magmatic water, or water that originates from deep within the moon's interior, on the surface of the moon.
The findings, published Aug. 25 in Nature Geoscience, represent the first detection of this form of water from lunar orbit. Earlier studies had shown the existence of magmatic water in lunar samples returned during the Apollo program.
M3 imaged the lunar impact crater Bullialdus, which lies near the lunar equator. Scientists were interested in studying this area because they could better quantify the amount of water inside the rocks due to the crater's location and the type of rocks it held. The central peak of the crater is made up of a type of rock that forms deep within the lunar crust and mantle when magma is trapped underground.
"This rock, which normally resides deep beneath the surface, was excavated from the lunar depths by the impact that formed Bullialdus crater," said Rachel Klima, a planetary geologist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Md.
"Compared to its surroundings, we found that the central portion of this crater contains a significant amount of hydroxyl - a molecule consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom -- which is evidence that the rocks in this crater contain water that originated beneath the lunar surface," Klima said.
In 2009, M3 provided the first mineralogical map of the lunar surface and discovered water molecules in the polar regions of the moon. This water is thought to be a thin layer formed from solar wind hitting the moon's surface. Bullialdus crater is in a region with an unfavorable environment for solar wind to produce significant amounts of water on the surface.
"NASA missions like Lunar Prospector and the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite and instruments like M3 have gathered crucial data that fundamentally changed our understanding of whether water exists on the surface of the moon," said S. Pete Worden, center director at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif. "Similarly, we hope that upcoming NASA missions such as the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer, or LADEE, will change our understanding of the lunar sky."
The detection of internal water from orbit means scientists can begin to test some of the findings from sample studies in a broader context, including in regions that are far from where the Apollo sites are clustered on the near side of the moon. For many years, researchers believed that the rocks from the moon were bone-dry and any water detected in the Apollo samples had to be contamination from Earth.
"Now that we have detected water that is likely from the interior of the moon, we can start to compare this water with other characteristics of the lunar surface," said Klima. "This internal magmatic water also provides clues about the moon's volcanic processes and internal composition, which helps us address questions about how the moon formed, and how magmatic processes changed as it cooled."
APL is a not-for-profit division of Johns Hopkins University. Joshua Cahill and David Lawrence of APL and Justin Hagerty of the U.S. Geological Survey's Astrogeology Science Center in Flagstaff, Ariz., co-authored the paper. NASA's Lunar Advanced Science and Engineering Program, the NASA Lunar Science Institute (NLSI) at Ames and the NASA Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program supported the research. NLSI is a virtual organization jointly funded by NASA's Science Mission Directorate and NASA's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate in Washington, to enable collaborative, interdisciplinary research in support of NASA lunar science programs.
For more information about NASA programs, visit:
http://www.nasa.gov
Posted by: Soderman/SSERVI Staff
Source: NASA
Physorg.com, July 21, 2010
The Moon. Image: NASA (Enlarge)
RESEARCHERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, KNOXVILLE, ARE ONCE AGAIN TURNING WHAT SCIENTISTS THOUGHT THEY KNEW ABOUT THE MOON ON ITS HEAD.
Last fall, researchers, including Larry Taylor, a distinguished professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, discovered "lunar dew" on the moon's surface -- absorbed "water" in the uppermost layers of lunar soil. This discovery of water debunked beliefs held since the return of the first Apollo rocks that the moon was bone-dry.
Now, scientists, including Taylor and Yang Liu, research assistant professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, have discovered that water on the moon is more widespread -- on the outside and inside of the moon -- with some similarities to water in volcanic systems on Earth.
Their research will be featured in the article, "Lunar Apatite with Terrestrial Volatile Abundances" in the July 22 edition of the scientific journal, Nature.
Unlike lunar dew which is believed to come from an outside source such as solar wind which brings hydrogen into contact with the Moon's oxygen, the water discovered by Taylor and Liu is internal, arising from an entirely different origin. How it got there is not yet known. The water may have been added by impacting comets, which contain ice, during or after the formation of the moon and Earth.
The existence of volcanoes on the moon more than 4 billion years ago gave the researchers a clue that water might exist inside the body, since the dynamics of volcanoes on Earth are mostly driven by water. Therefore, the scientists made their novel discovery by examining a lunar basalt brought back from the 1971 Apollo 14 mission. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Calif., scientists determined volatile elements in a calcium phosphate mineral are very similar in the same mineral found on Earth.
The scientists said this provides "robust evidence for the presence of water in the interior of the moon from where some lunar rocks were derived. This demonstrates a closer chemical and geologic relationship between the Earth and moon than previously known. We must now re-evaluate the volatile inventories of the moon, relative to the Earth."
This is a photomicrograph of a thin section of lunar sample 14053. Credit: Larry Taylor/University of Tennessee (Enlarge)
The finding of volatiles on the moon has deep implications for how it, and the Earth, formed. It is generally believed that the moon was created when the early Earth was hit by a Mars-sized proto-planet called Theia, melting and vaporizing itself and a large chunk of the Earth. The cloud of particles created by the impact later congealed to form the moon, which supposedly was devoid of highly volatile elements such as hydrogen and chlorine. However, the researchers' discovery of these volatiles challenges this theory.
"If water in the Moon was residue water kept during the giant impact, it is surprising that water survived the impact at all because less volatile elements, such as sodium and potassium, are strongly depleted. The details of the impact theory need to be re-examined," Liu said.
The discovery of abundant and ubiquitous water on the moon could mean a human settlement on the moon is not so far-fetched. Currently, the endeavour would be very expensive. For example, it costs 25,000 to take one pint of water to the moon.
However, if scientists devise processes to easily recover this water from the lunar rocks for drinking water and fuel, a human settlement is not out of reach.
"Now we have ready sources of water that can be consumed by plants and humans but also electrolyzed into liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to develop rocket fuel," Taylor said. "Until the recent discovery of water in and on the moon, it was going to be a very energy-intensive endeavor to separate these elements from the lunar rocks and soil."
Provided by University of Tennessee at Knoxville
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'MONSTER' STAR 10 MILLION TIMES BRIGHTER THAN THE SUN DISCOVERED BY ASTRONOMERS
Baixe este artigo em PDF'Area 51, inicialmente chamado "Teste de Nevada Site - 51", 'e composta por uma ampla zona de operac~oes militares 26.000 km2 (cerca de o equivalente `a 'area da Sardenha), situado perto da aldeia de Rachel cerca de 150 km ao noroeste de Las Vegas, no sul do estado de Nevada EUA. Apesar de estar localizado na vasta regi~ao pertencente `a Base A'erea de Nellis, estruturas perto do Groom Lake parecem ser tratadas como se fossem um destacamento do Voo Test Center da Forca A'erea na Base A'erea de Edwards, no deserto de Mojave e, como tal, a base 'e conhecido pelo nome de Air Force Flight Test Center.As estruturas de base s~ao tamb'em conhecidos como "Dreamland", "Paradise Ranch", "Home Base", "Watertown Strip", "Groom Lake" e mais recentemente "Aeroporto Caseiro". Muitas vezes, os pilotos militares chamar o espaco a'ereo ao redor da base como "The Box" (caixa). Apenas neste per'imetro, que 'e da aldeia de Rachel um grupo de rapazes Skywatcher, f~as e conspirac~oes de OVNIs, `a espreita `a noite para tentar observar todos os objetos misteriosos de origem desconhecida, ou qualquer cascos estrangeiros objeto de experimentos em tecnologia alien'igena retro- voando sobre o S4 base.Este grupo de meninos americanos que se chamam DarkSkyWatcher74, tem um canal no You Tube (DarkSkyWatcher74 ) e um canal USTREAM, que transmitido ao vivo atrav'es de uma web cam e um profissional de observac~oes do telesc'opio da lua eo c'eu em busca de meteoros e os OVNIs.Na noite do dia 07 de fevereiro o grupo Dark Sky Watcher registra a atividade UFO perto da base Nellis USAF ('area 51) e n~ao conseguem documentar alguns objetos esf'ericos e um OVNI em forma de charuto que est'a estacionado na base. Assista ao v'ideo!
Source: truth-just-ahead.blogspot.com
I RECEIVED THE FOLLOWING ANECDOTE FROM A WOMAN IN CONNECTICUT:
Thanks for reading my email. I had an incident this past weekend that has me wondering what is fact or fiction. This past Monday night I was driving home from work around 9:45 PM. I live in a very rural area south of Falls Village, CT. and I was only 2 miles from my residence. The roads were still slick from the heavy snow we had received, so I was driving very deliberately. All at once, a deer jumped from behind a snow bank and bolted in front of my car. I slammed on the brakes but still skidded into the back of the deer. I didn't see where the deer went, but I was now stuck in the snow bank. I got out of the car and noticed that my driver's side headlight was smashed as well. I tried to push the car out the snow bank but it was not budging. So I had no choice other than to call for a tow truck.
About 15 minutes after I called for help, one of my neighbors was on his way home and stopped to ask if he could help. I told him I had called for a tow truck but I didn't know how long it be before it showed up. He said that he would go home, grab some chains and return with his 4-wheel drive pickup in order to pull me out. I thanked him and he left.
Not long after my neightbor left, I noticed lights coming toward me on the road. The lights were large and very bright, so I figured that it was the tow truck. As the lights slowly proceeded towards me several more lights illuminated above and below the others. The vehicle, or whatever it was, stopped about 50 yards from me and remained there for several minutes. Then all of a sudden I witnessed a brightly lit 'being' floating through the woods across from me. It reminded me of those bright white aliens from the 'Cocoon' movie though I didn't see any facial features. This being quickly floated through the trees then out onto the road. It started to come towards me but I was petrified. I just could not move. It didn't have arms or legs but there was definitely a head and something on the end that resembled a fish tail. It stopped directly in front of me and hovered no more than 10 feet away. There were no eyes or mouth, but I did feel warmth coming from it. It was very calming and comforting. Then it suddenly whisked towards the lights. After a few minutes the bright lights started to fade until it was completely gone.
My neighbor soon returned, as well as the tow truck operator. I asked them both if they had noticed any vehicle with intense bright lights, but they both looked at me like I was crazy. After they pulled me from the snow bank I drove home, quickly took a bath and headed for bed. I was still feeling a calming sensation and desperately wanted to go to sleep.
I was off work on Tuesday so I decided to go and have my headlight fixed. As I approached the area where I had been stuck the night before, I noticed that the area where the lights were was completely barren of snow and the roadway was dry. Did I have an alien close encounter? To be honest with you, I don't believe in UFOs, aliens or any of that weird stuff. But I am having seconds thought as to what I witnessed. Was it simply a spirit of some kind? I have had dealings with ghosts and spirits since I was young. What is your opinion? Beth
NOTE: I ASKED BETH WHY SHE WOULD BELIEVE IN SPIRITUAL BEINGS BUT NOT BELIEVE IN ALIEN BEINGS. SHE WITNESSED ENOUGH EVIDENCE TO FORM A FAIRLY REASONABLE EVALUATION. IN MY OPINION AND EXPERIENCE, THERE IS A FINE LINE BETWEEN SPIRITS AND NON-TERRESTRIAL BEINGS. IN SOME CASES, THESE BEINGS COULD BE INTERPRETED AS THE SAME TYPE OF ENTITY. I THINK BETH HAS AWOKEN TO A GREATER SENSE OF TRUTH...THAT WE'RE NOT ALONE ON THIS PLANE OF EXISTANCE OR BEYOND. LON
DIMENSIONS: A Casebook of Alien Contact
Contact with Alien Civilizations: Our Hopes and Fears about Encountering Extraterrestrials
The Sirius Mystery: New Scientific Evidence of Alien Contact 5,000 Years Ago"
Reference: discover-ghosts.blogspot.com
Hundreds of UFO sightings for the last two months were reported in this area the lake of Pangong Tso in the Ladakh area on the Indian-Chinese lineage. Host personnel assigned at the lineage reported seeing shining objects. They hold been problematic to study such strange phenomena but impart was no sanctioned charge yet from company. The office of chief minister has yet to piece cleanse build up of the phenomena. The ITBP has or else submitted a report to the Humanity residence ministry on the UFO sightings but the ministry issued no explanations as of this mail. The Indian gang is reportedly investigating the strange occurrences at the appropriate levels. Give to were reports that an gang radar was hand-me-down in September to research the site where these UFOs were reported but the radar unit did not detect those objects. An gang drone was also sent to thoroughgoing fashionable the objects but slipshod to get information. Indian Set out of Astrophysics, which has bough stations in this area the lake, has alleged they did not detect anything strange but their keep out has been alerted to cozily see the pencil case for payment and technology reasons. Residents in this area the lake are no recluse next UFO sightings. For the previous kick, they had witnessed strange lights over the area which defy explanation. The 60% of the ache, check lake belongs to Collectibles having the status of the drawn out accommodate is in India.
Reference: ufoproofs.blogspot.com
By Dennis Balthaser
www.truthseekeratroswell.com
6-1-12
The Aztec Incident occurred in March 1948, just 8 months after the Roswell Incident, and based on information now available it appears the government and military had learned from their mistakes at Roswell. Aztec had no newspaper or radio reports as Roswell did, when the Incident happened, which then had to be covered up and excuses given for the next 65 years.
Over the years since Aztec happened there has been very little information forthcoming, in fact there were only 2 books published about the event, again unlike Roswell. The first was Frank Scully's, "Behind the Flying Saucers", published in September 1950. The second book was co-written by William Steinman and Wendelle Stevens entitled, "UFO Crash at Aztec", and published in 1986. Both of those books created controversy, and created more questions than answers. Who was the mysterious "Dr. Gee", how could a 99' diameter craft be moved from the site to a secure location, and was the whole incident the work of con-men as many debunkers and critics have argued? There lies a similarity to Roswell in that debunkers and critics don't normally do the research required, as was the case with Karl Pflock and Dave Thomas, who were two of the most vocal debunkers of the Aztec Incident.
Finally in 2012 a third book has been published, co-authored by Scott and Suzanne Ramsey, entitled, "The Aztec Incident, Recovery at Hart Canyon", ISBN 978-0-9850046-0-6 (left). The unending research, travel to archives, witness interviews and expenses encountered by the Ramsey's have finally answered some of the questions we have all had about Aztec over the years. When Scott began his research some 25 years ago he assumed he would be able to prove or disprove the Aztec Incident within a few months. That didn't happen and the more he delved into the facts about Aztec the more questions were raised. During his many trips to Aztec he met and finally married Suzanne, who became his co-author, and together they have compiled a book full of factual information, (with documentation to support their findings), that will have many taking another look at the 1948 Aztec Incident.
The town of Aztec had noticed the notoriety Roswell was getting with the annual Roswell Festival, and decided to start their own annual symposium in an attempt to raise money for a new library. I was invited to speak at the first symposium held in Aztec in 1998 (the 50th anniversary of the event.) Since then I have attended at least 8 of the annual events as either a speaker or Master of Ceremonies, and it was at these symposiums that I met Scott and Suzanne Ramsey and became seriously interested in the Aztec Incident. Like many others having read the first two books published I had many questions about whether Aztec was a real event or not. Working with the Ramsey's and others, discussing witnesses, visiting the crash site in Hart Canyon and other research we've done together, I soon became convinced that the Ramsey's were in fact revealing new information not previously known. Their "Aztec Incident" book lays to rest many of the questions that have been asked over the years.
The Aztec Symposium began growing with attendance increasing every year, primarily due to the well-known researchers that were invited to speak each year at the annual event. The list of speakers invited to Aztec was like a "who's who" of Ufology and the Aztec symposium became one of the most popular in the country, reaching a point where consideration was given to moving it to Farmington, a larger town a few miles west of Aztec that could facilitate the ever-increasing crowds.
Not all city fathers in Aztec supported the annual event, however through the friends of the Library a new library was built which the town of Aztec can be proud of. Recently someone now responsible for inviting speakers, decided to change the type researchers invited leaning more toward the paranormal types. That resulted in a reduction in the number of people attending, and last year an announcement was made that the annual Aztec symposium would no longer take place. Scott and Suzanne Ramsey, Randy Barnes, myself and a few others devoted a lot of hours over the years to make the Aztec symposium an event visitors looked forward to, and researchers such as Stanton Friedman, Dr. Edgar Mitchell, Ted Phillips, Timothy Good and many others were an important part of making Aztec a respectable conference where serious researchers were able to share their knowledge with a receptive audience.
Reading through the Ramsey's book, one gets an appreciation for the hours of work involved in writing such an account. It contains many pages of government documents and correspondence, in addition to the travel involved to 26 states, universities, military archives and witnesses interviewed. This was not a couple of months project as Scott had anticipated originally, but rather a devotion to finding factual information with verification to determine if the Aztec Incident was a true event in 1948. I believe the Ramsey's (pictured above) have accomplished that, revealing information for the first time pertaining to different aspects of the Incident, which leave little doubt in the minds of the reader that Aztec was a real event, covered up by the military and government much better than the Roswell Incident had been when it happened 8 months earlier.
It appears that the mysterious "Dr. Gee" was in fact at least 8 different scientists combined under that one name. Moving the craft was thoroughly researched using an expert that had years of experience in moving large loads, determining the proper route, and considering the equipment that would have been available in 1948. The so-called con men referred to by many of the debunkers in the first two books is thoroughly discussed and explained as nothing more then a retaliation by a J.P. Cahn to get even with people for not allowing him to print the Aztec story. Radar sites basically unknown to the public were discovered within a reasonable distance of Hart Canyon and operational in 1948. Many of the first hand witnesses testimony revealed in this book, refers to oil field workers, law enforcement officers, a preacher, and others who were at the site at Hart Canyon in 1948, and saw the bodies inside the craft, and then sworn to secrecy by the military.
"The Aztec Incident" book is a must read and leaves no doubt that a craft came down in Hart Canyon a few miles east of Aztec New Mexico in March 1948, basically undamaged, containing bodies, was taken apart and transported off of the mesa, and remains covered up to this day, 64 years later.
... More
See Also:
The Aztec Incident: Recovery at Hart Canyon A Review By Kevin Randle
BOOK REVIEW The Aztec Incident: Recovery at Hart Canyon
UFO NEWS BOOK The Aztec Incident: Recovery at Hart Canyon - Forward By Stanton Friedman (Excerpt)
SHARE YOUR UFO EXPERIENCE
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SHORT UFO FACT: [Just after WWII people from Northern Europe began reporting Strange fiery objects,streaking through the sky,In february 1946 Helsinki Radio announced "INORDINATE METEOR ACTIVITY" in areas near arctic.On June 9,1946 something flew over the sky over 1000 foot Alt.It left luminous Glow and smoky trail.reports from finland stated appearance of the object that approached observers on the coast and retraced its course back. ]
BELGIUM UFO 01
SHORT UFO FACT: [The term Ghost Rocket was coined to label these missile like meteors.The most interesting incident occured on July 19,1946.Two witnesses saw an object crash into Lake Kolmanjarv(sweden).Another witness across the lake said it sounded like a bomb exploding.The eyewitness described a 6 ft long rocket like object with small wings on it.The lake was searched,but eventually no debris was found.The Ghost rocket phenomenon gradually shifted southwards with sightings coming from Italy,Greece,Portugal etc.The NY times reported that General Doolittle and David Sarnoff were sent to investigate the situation in Sweeden.In july 1946 sweedish and Norway govts. censored the newspaper reports about Ghost Rockets.]
UFO0057
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Source: umad-mysteries.blogspot.com
